Appearance
Keyboard Shortcuts Quick Reference
Welcome to Liii STEM's keyboard shortcuts quick reference. Here we list commonly used shortcut combinations for quick reference and improved editing efficiency.
Download Keyboard Shortcuts PDF
Environment Shortcuts
Tip
These shortcuts are used to control the overall document environment and formatting settings, including spacing, indentation, alignment, section headings, lists and other basic typesetting functions. Proper use of these shortcuts can help you edit documents more efficiently.
| Windows | GNU/Linux | Mac | Equivalent | Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| space + tab | space + tab | space + tab | Non-breaking space ( or ) | Insert non-breaking space, maintain fixed spacing between text |
| ctrl + l | / | / | Left-align text | |
| ctrl + e | / | / | Center-align text | |
| ctrl + r | / | / | Right-align text | |
| alt + 1 | alt + 1 | option + 1 | Create level 1 heading | |
| alt + 2 | alt + 2 | option + 2 | Create level 2 heading | |
| alt + 3 | alt + 3 | option + 3 | Create level 3 heading | |
| alt + 4 | alt + 4 | option + 4 | Create paragraph heading | |
| + + tab | + + tab | + + tab | Create unordered list item | |
| 1 + . + tab | 1 + . + tab | 1 + . + tab | Create ordered list item | |
| $ | $ | $ | inline math mode | Insert inline math formula |
| alt + $ | alt + $ | option + $ | single-line math mode | Insert single-line display math |
| alt + 7 | alt + 7 | option + 7 | multi-line math mode | Insert multi-line math environment |
| ctrl + # | ctrl + # | ctrl + # | add equation number | Add equation number |
| alt + arrow | alt + arrow | option + arrow | add new row/column in matrix/table | Add new row/column in matrix or table |
| ctrl + shift + f | ctrl + shift + f | ctrl + shift + f | add footnote | Add footnote |
| ctrl + n | ctrl + n | ctrl + n | add new script | Create new document |
| ctrl + p | ctrl + p | ctrl + p | export to PDF | Export document to PDF format |
::: Important Notes
- On Mac systems, use the option key instead of the alt key used in Windows/Linux.
- Some shortcuts may conflict with system shortcuts and need to be changed in system settings.
- Math formula-related shortcuts must be used in the corresponding math input environment.
- Table and matrix operation shortcuts only work in their corresponding environments.
- It is recommended to memorize commonly used shortcuts to improve editing efficiency.
- Paragraph first-line indentation, right alignment, center alignment, and left alignment shortcuts currently only support Windows. :::
Reference Shortcuts
Tip
These shortcuts are used to create labels and references in documents, helping you manage cross-references more efficiently.
| Windows | GNU/Linux | Mac | Equivalent | Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ctrl + ? | ctrl + ? | ctrl + ? | Reference label | |
| ctrl + ! | ctrl + ! | ctrl + ! | Create label |
::: Important Notes
- Before using labels and references, create labels for the target elements (such as equations, tables, images, etc.).
- References will automatically link to the corresponding labeled locations.
- It is recommended to use meaningful label names for easier management. :::
Common Constructions
Tip
This document lists common shortcuts for entering mathematical formulas in the editor. All shortcuts should be pressed in sequence. Before using these shortcuts, press $ to enter math input mode.
| Windows/GNU/Linux | Mac | Equivalent | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| x + ^ + 2 | x + ^ + 2 | (x^2) | Superscript |
| x + _ + i,j | x + _ + i,j | (x_{i,j}) | Subscript |
| alt + s + 2 | option + s + 2 | (\sqrt{2}) | Square root |
| alt + s + Tab + 3 + ← + ← + n | option + s + Tab + 3 + ← + ← + n | (\sqrt[n]{3}) | nth root |
| alt + f | option + f | (\frac{2}{3}) | Fraction |
| alt + t | / | Centered borderless table | |
| alt + t + tab | / | Matrix | |
| alt + t + tab + tab | / | Determinant | |
| alt + t + tab + tab + tab | / | Selection | |
| alt + t + tab + tab + tab + tab | / | Stack |
:::Important Notes
- When using these shortcuts, ensure the editor is in Math Input Mode.
- If formulas do not display correctly, check whether you have properly entered Math Input Mode.
- Shortcuts for tables, matrices and other constructs are too complex on Mac and therefore not listed. :::
Font Styles
Tip
When entering mathematical expressions, you can use these shortcuts to quickly change font styles.
| Windows/GNU/Linux | Mac | Equivalent | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| ctrl + u + A | ctrl + u + A | (\underline{A}) | Underlined font |
| ctrl + i + A | ctrl + i + A | (\mathit{A}) | Italic font |
| ctrl + b + A | ctrl + b + A | (\mathbf{A}) | Bold font |
| F7 + A | F7 + A | (\mathcal{A}) | Calligraphy |
| A + A + Tab | A + A + Tab | (\mathcal{A}) | Calligraphy |
| F8 + A | F8 + A | (\mathfrak{A}) | Gothic |
| A + A + Tab * 2 | A + A + Tab * 2 | (\mathfrak{A}) | Gothic |
| A + A | A + A | (\mathbb{A}) | Math bold |
:::Important Notes Some font styles (such as script, fraktur, blackboard bold, etc.) only apply to Latin letters. :::
Greek Letters
Tip
- All Greek letter shortcuts use letter + Tab combination
- Uppercase Greek letters use uppercase letter + Tab
- In the math editor, type the letter and then press Tab
| Windows/GNU/Linux/Mac | Equivalent | Description |
|---|---|---|
| a + tab | (\alpha) | Alpha |
| b + tab | (\beta) | Beta |
| g + tab, G + tab | (\gamma), (\Gamma) | Gamma |
| d + tab, D + tab | (\delta), (\Delta) | Delta |
| e + tab + tab + tab | (\epsilon) | Epsilon |
| e + tab | (\varepsilon) | Epsilon |
| z + tab | (\zeta) | Zeta |
| h + tab | (\eta) | Eta |
| j + tab, J + tab | (\theta) | Theta |
| j + tab + tab + tab | (\vartheta) | Theta |
| i + tab | (\iota) | Iota |
| k + tab, K + tab | (\kappa) | Kappa |
| l + tab, L + tab | (\lambda), (\Lambda) | Lambda |
| m + tab | (\mu) | Mu |
| n + tab | (\nu) | Nu |
| x + tab, X + tab | (\xi), (\Xi) | Xi |
| p + tab, P + tab | (\pi), (\Pi) | Pi |
| p + tab + tab + tab | (\varpi) | Pi |
| o + tab, O + tab | (\omicron) | Omicron |
| r + tab | (\rho) | Rho |
| r + tab + tab | (\varrho) | Rho |
| s + tab, S + tab / C + tab | (\sigma), (\Sigma) | Sigma |
| s + tab + tab / c + tab | (\varsigma) | Sigma |
| t + tab | (\tau) | Tau |
| u + tab, U + tab | (\upsilon), (\Upsilon) | Upsilon |
| f + tab + tab, F + tab + tab | (\phi), (\Phi) | Phi |
| f + tab | (\varphi) | Phi |
| q + tab | (\chi) | Chi |
| y + tab, Y + tab | (\psi), (\Psi) | Psi |
| w + tab, W + tab | (\omega), (\Omega) | Omega |
:::Important Notes
- Some Greek letters have multiple variant forms (such as ε and ϵ); please distinguish them carefully.
- Case sensitive — ensure you input the correct case. :::
Sets and Logic
:::Tip These shortcuts can help you quickly input mathematical symbols and improve the efficiency of writing mathematical formulas. :::
| Windows/GNU/Linux | Mac | Equivalent | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| % + tab | % + tab | (\cup) | Union symbol |
| & + tab | & + tab | (\cap) | Intersection symbol |
| < + tab + tab | < + tab + tab | (\subset) | Proper subset |
| < + tab + tab + = | < + tab + tab + = | (\subseteq) | Subset |
| > + tab + tab | > + tab + tab | (\supset) | Proper superset |
| > + tab + tab + = | > + tab + tab + = | (\supseteq) | Superset |
| < + tab | < + tab | (\in) | Element of |
| > + tab | > + tab | (\ni) | Contains (is superset of) |
| < + tab + / | < + tab + / | (\notin) | Not an element of |
| R + R | R + R | (\mathbb{R}) | Set of real numbers |
| Z + Z | Z + Z | (\mathbb{Z}) | Set of integers |
| Q + Q | Q + Q | (\mathbb{Q}) | Set of rational numbers |
| N + N | N + N | (\mathbb{N}) | Set of natural numbers |
| C + C | C + C | (\mathbb{C}) | Set of complex numbers |
| @ + / | @ + / | (\varnothing) | Empty set |
| A + tab + tab + tab | A + tab + tab + tab | (\aleph) | Aleph numbers |
| = + tab + tab | = + tab + tab | (\equiv) | Defined as / Identically equal |
| A + tab + tab | A + tab + tab | (\forall) | Universal quantifier |
| E + tab + tab | E + tab + tab | (\exists) | Existential quantifier |
| ! + tab | ! + tab | (\neg) | Logical NOT |
| % | % | (\vee) | Disjunction |
| & | & | (\wedge) | Conjunction |
| | + tab + - | | + tab + - | (\vdash) | Turnstile (derivation) |
| | + tab + = | | + tab + = | (\models) | Models (semantic entailment) |
| = + > | = + > | (\Rightarrow) | Implication |
| = + > + / | = + > + / | (\nRightarrow) | Non-implication |
:::Important Notes
- Make sure no other characters interfere when typing shortcuts.
- Press the Tab key fully before proceeding to the next step. :::
Decorator Symbols (Accents)
:::Tip In Liii STEM, you can use keyboard shortcuts to quickly enter common mathematical accent/decorator symbols. These symbols are typically used for derivatives, vectors, and similar concepts. :::
| Windows/GNU/Linux | Mac | Equivalent | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| alt + ˙ | option + ˙ | (\dot{}) | First derivative (dot) |
| alt + ˙ + ˙ | option + ˙ + ˙ | (\ddot{}) | Second derivative (double dot) |
| alt + ˆ | option + ˆ | (\hat{}) | Unit vector (hat) |
| alt + ˜ | option + ˜ | (\tilde{}) | Tilde (equivalence) |
| alt + - | option + - | (\bar{}) | Overbar / average symbol |
:::Important Notes
- Accent symbols must be applied after the base character is entered.
- Some accent shortcuts may conflict with system shortcuts; ensure your system settings allow these shortcuts.
- Mac users should ensure the option key's special character input is enabled. :::
Dots (Ellipses)
:::Tip After typing dots or dot-like sequences, you can press Tab to cycle through different ellipsis types. :::
| Windows/GNU/Linux | Mac | Equivalent | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| . + . | . + . | (\ldots) | Baseline ellipsis (used in text) |
| . + . + tab | . + . + tab | (\cdots) | Centered ellipsis (used in math) |
| . + . + tab + tab + tab | . + . + tab + tab + tab | (\vdots) | Vertical ellipsis |
| . + . + tab + tab + tab + tab | . + . + tab + tab + tab + tab | (\ddots) | Diagonal ellipsis |
:::Important Notes Note the usage difference between centered ellipsis () and baseline ellipsis (). :::
Variable-Size Operators
::: Tip These shortcuts quickly enter common mathematical operators that change size depending on context. :::
| Windows/GNU/Linux | Mac | 等价 | 说明 |
|---|---|---|---|
| I + Tab | I + Tab | (\int) | Integral |
| I + I + Tab | I + I + Tab | (\iint) | Double integral |
| I + I + I + Tab | I + I + I + Tab | (\iiint) | Triple integral |
| @ + I | @ + I | (\oint) | Circle integral |
| U + Shift Tab | U + Shift Tab | (\bigcup) | Union set |
| N + Shift Tab | N + Shift Tab | (\bigcap) | Intersect set |
| S + Shift Tab | S + Shift Tab | (\sum) | Summation |
| P + Shift Tab | P + Shift Tab | (\prod) | Product |
::: Important Notes Ensure the function key (F5) on your keyboard works properly. Some laptops may require pressing the Fn key as well. :::
Arrows
::: Tip Arrow symbols can be entered quickly in Liii STEM using simple key combinations. Memorizing these shortcuts improves formula input efficiency. :::
| Windows/GNU/Linux | Mac | Equivalent | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| - + > | - + > | (\rightarrow) | Right arrow |
| - + > + / | - + > + / | (\nrightarrow) | Negated right arrow |
| - + - + > | - + - + > | (\longrightarrow) | Long right arrow |
| = + > | = + > | (\Rightarrow) | Double-line right arrow |
| = + > + / | = + > + / | (\nRightarrow) | Negated double-line right arrow |
| = + = + > | = + = + > | (\Longrightarrow) | Long double-line right arrow |
| ~ + > | ~ + > | (\leadsto) | Tilde arrow |
| | + - + > | | + - + > | (\mapsto) | Mapping arrow |
| | + - + - + > | | + - + - + > | (\longmapsto) | Long mapping arrow |
| < + - | < + - | (\leftarrow) | Left arrow |
| < + - + > | < + - + > | (\leftrightarrow) | Left-right arrow |
| < + - + tab | < + - + tab | (\uparrow) | Up arrow |
| < + - + tab + tab | < + - + tab + tab | (\downarrow) | Down arrow |
| < + - + > + tab | < + - + > + tab | (\updownarrow) | Up-down arrow |
| / | / | (\curvearrowright) | Curved right arrow |
| / | / | (\curvearrowleft) | Curved left arrow |
::: Important Notes When entering arrow shortcuts, press the combination keys in the correct sequence. :::
Brackets and Delimiters
::: Tip Liii STEM provides multiple quick input methods for brackets and delimiters. Use key combinations to quickly enter common mathematical delimiters and improve formula editing efficiency. :::
| Windows/GNU/Linux | Mac | Equivalent | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| < + tab + tab + tab + tab + tab + tab | < + tab + tab + tab + tab + tab + tab | (\langle \rangle) | Angle brackets pair, often for vectors |
| | + . | | + . | (\lfloor \rfloor) | Floor brackets |
| | + ' | | + ' | (\lceil \rceil) | Ceiling brackets |
| | + | | | + | | (\parallel \parallel) | Norm / parallel symbol |
::: Important Notes
- When entering delimiters, pay attention to pairing — ensure the number of left and right delimiters match.
- Some delimiters can have different meanings in different contexts.
- Familiarize yourself with the commonly used shortcuts first and gradually learn more combinations. :::
Other Symbols
::: Tip
- All shortcuts must be used in math input mode.
- Symbols will be inserted immediately after typing the shortcut.
- The number of Tab presses affects the final symbol produced. :::
| Windows/GNU/Linux | Mac | Equivalent | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| < + = + tab | < + = + tab | (\leq) | Less than or equal to |
| > + = + tab | > + = + tab | (\geq) | Greater than or equal to |
| = + \ | = + \ | (\neq) | Not equal to |
| < + < | < + < | (\ll) | Much less than |
| > + > | > + > | (\gg) | Much greater than |
| ˜ + ˜ | ˜ + ˜ | (\approx) | Approximately equal |
| = + tab | = + tab | (\asymp) | Asymptotically equal |
| < + tab + tab + tab | < + tab + tab + tab | (\prec) | Precedes |
| < + tab + tab + tab + = + tab | < + tab + tab + tab + = + tab | (\preceq) | Precedes or equal |
| > + tab + tab + tab | > + tab + tab + tab | (\succ) | Succeeds |
| > + tab + tab + tab + = + tab | > + tab + tab + tab + = + tab | (\succeq) | Succeeds or equal |
| @ + @ + tab + tab | @ + @ + tab + tab | (\propto) | Proportional to |
| . + = | . + = | (\doteq) | Dot-equal |
| @ + tab + tab + tab + tab | @ + tab + @ + tab + tab | (\angle) | Angle |
| l + tab + tab + tab | l + tab + tab + tab | (\ell) | Script lowercase l |
| ⇧ + f5 + b | ⇧ + f5 + b | (\parallel) | Parallel to |
| ~ + = | ~ + = | (\cong) | Congruent to |
| ~ + = + / | ~ + = + / | (\ncong) | Not congruent |
| ~ | ~ | (\sim) | Similar to |
| ~ + - | ~ + - | (\simeq) | Similar and approximately equal |
| ~ + / | ~ + / | (\nsim) | Not similar |
| @ + + | @ + + | (\oplus) | Circle plus (direct sum) |
| @ + - | @ + - | (\ominus) | Circle minus |
| @ + . | @ + . | (\odot) | Circle dot |
| @ + * | @ + * | (\otimes) | Circle times |
| @ + / | @ + / | (\oslash) | Circle slash |
| / + - + tab + tab + tab | / + - + tab + tab + tab | (\upharpoonright) | Restriction |
| * + tab + tab + tab | * + tab + tab + tab | (\cdot) | Centered dot |
| + + - | + + - | (\pm) | Plus-minus sign |
| - + + | - + + | (\mp) | Minus-plus sign |
| * + tab | * + tab | (\times) | Multiplication sign |
| / + tab + tab | / + tab + tab | (\div) | Division sign |
| * + tab | * + tab | (\ast) | Asterisk |
| d + tab + tab + tab | d + tab + tab + tab | (\partial) | Partial derivative |
| V + tab + tab | V + tab + tab | (\nabla) | Nabla (gradient) |
| @ | @ | (\circ) | Circle symbol |
| * + tab + tab + tab + tab + tab | * + tab + tab + tab + tab + tab | (\star) | Star |
| i + tab + tab + tab | i + tab + tab + tab | (\imath) | Dotless lowercase i |
| j + tab + tab | j + tab + tab | (\jmath) | Dotless lowercase j |
| b + tab + tab + tab | b + tab + tab + tab | (\beth) | Hebrew letter beth |
| g + tab + tab | g + tab + tab | (\gimel) | Hebrew letter gimel |
| d + tab + tab + tab | d + tab + tab + tab | (\daleth) | Hebrew letter daleth |
| r + e | r + e | (\Re) | Real part |
| w + tab + tab | w + tab + tab | (\mho) | Inverted ohm (mho) |
| p + tab + tab | p + tab + tab | (\wp) | Weierstrass p |
| @ + @ | @ + @ | (\infty) | Infinity |
| t + tab + tab | t + tab + tab | (\top) | Top (true) |
| t + tab + tab + tab | t + tab + tab + tab | (\bot) | Bottom (false) |
| < + > + tab + tab + tab + tab | < + > + tab + tab + tab + tab | (\clubsuit) | Clubs |
| < + > + tab | < + > + tab | (\diamondsuit) | Diamonds |
| < + > + tab + tab | < + > + tab + tab | (\heartsuit) | Hearts |
| < + > + tab + tab + tab | < + > + tab + tab + tab | (\spadesuit) | Spades |
| b + tab + tab | b + tab + tab | (\flat) | Flat (music) |
| # + tab + tab | # + tab + tab | (\natural) | Natural (music) |
| # + tab | # + tab | (\sharp) | Sharp (music) |
| @ + = + tab | @ + = + tab | (\triangleq) | Defined-equal |
| + + tab + tab | + + tab + tab | (\dagger) | Dagger / obelisk |
::: Note Switch to English input mode when using different input methods. :::