Keyboard Input Quick Reference

Welcome to the Liii STEM keyboard input quick reference. Some key combinations are available only in newer versions, so please keep your app updated. This page lists common shortcut combinations for fast lookup and higher editing efficiency.

Before using this sheet, read shortcut notation conventions.

Download Liii STEM Keyboard Input Quick Reference PDF

Environment

Tip

The shortcuts below control overall document environment and formatting, including spacing, indentation, alignment, section headings, and lists.

Windows	GNU/Linux	macOS	$\LaTeX$ Equivalent	Description
Space Tab	Space Tab	Space Tab	Non-breaking space ($\backslash\texttt{nbsp}$ or $\sim$)	Insert a non-breaking space
Ctrl + l	/	/	$\backslash\texttt{raggedleft}$	Left-align text
Ctrl + e	/	/	$\backslash\texttt{centering}$	Center-align text
Ctrl + r	/	/	$\backslash\texttt{raggedright}$	Right-align text
Alt + 1	Alt + 1	Option + 1	$\backslash\texttt{section}$	Insert a level-1 heading
Alt + 2	Alt + 2	Option + 2	$\backslash\texttt{subsection}$	Insert a level-2 heading
Alt + 3	Alt + 3	Option + 3	$\backslash\texttt{subsubsection}$	Insert a level-3 heading
Alt + 4	Alt + 4	Option + 4	$\backslash\texttt{paragraph}$	Insert a paragraph heading
+ Tab	+ Tab	+ Tab	$\backslash\texttt{itemize}$	Create an unordered list item
1 . Tab	1 . Tab	1 . Tab	$\backslash\texttt{enumerate}$	Create an ordered list item
$	$	$	inline math mode	Insert inline math
Alt + $	Alt + $	Option + $	single-line math mode	Insert single-line display math
Alt + 7	Alt + 7	Option + 7	multi-line math mode	Insert multi-line math environment
Ctrl + #	Ctrl + #	Ctrl + #	add equation number	Add equation numbering
Alt + arrow	Alt + arrow	Option + arrow	add new row/column in matrix/table	Add a row/column in matrix or table
Ctrl + Shift + f	Ctrl + Shift + f	Ctrl + Shift + f	add footnote	Add a footnote
Ctrl + n	Ctrl + n	Ctrl + n	add new script	Create a new document
Ctrl + p	Ctrl + p	Ctrl + p	export to PDF	Export to PDF

Notes

1. On macOS, use Option where Windows/Linux uses Alt.
2. Some shortcuts may conflict with system shortcuts and need OS-level changes.
3. Formula-related shortcuts should be used in the corresponding math environment.
4. Table and matrix shortcuts only work in related environments.
5. Memorizing common shortcuts can significantly improve editing speed.
6. First-line indent, left/right/center alignment shortcuts currently only support Windows.

Reference Shortcuts

Tip

These shortcuts are for creating labels and references, so you can manage cross-references more efficiently.

Windows	GNU/Linux	macOS	$\LaTeX$ Equivalent	Description
Ctrl + ?	Ctrl + ?	Ctrl + ?	$\backslash\texttt{ref}$	Reference label
Ctrl + !	Ctrl + !	Ctrl + !	$\backslash\texttt{label}$	Create label

Notes

1. Before referencing, create labels for target elements (equations, tables, figures, etc.).
2. References automatically link to labeled positions.
3. Use meaningful label names for easier maintenance.

Common Constructions

Tip

All shortcuts below are sequential key presses. Press $ first to enter math input mode.

Windows/GNU/Linux	macOS	$\LaTeX$ Equivalent	Description
x ^ 2	x ^ 2	$x^2$ (x^2)	Superscript
x _ i,j	x _ i,j	$x_{i,j}$ (x_{i,j})	Subscript
Alt + s 2	Option + s 2	$\sqrt{2}$ (\sqrt{2})	Square root
Alt + s Tab 3 ← ← n	Option + s Tab 3 ← ← n	$\sqrt[n]{3}$ (\sqrt[n]{3})	n-th root
Alt + f	Option + f	$\frac{2}{3}$ (\frac{2}{3})	Fraction
Alt + t	/	$\backslash\texttt{tabular}$	Borderless centered table
Alt + t Tab	/	$\backslash\texttt{matrix}$	Matrix
Alt + t Tab	/		Determinant
Alt + t Tab	/		Selection
Alt + t Tab	/		Stack

Notes

1. Ensure the editor is in math input mode when using these shortcuts.
2. If formulas render incorrectly, check whether you are in math mode.
3. Table/matrix shortcuts on macOS are too complex, so they are not listed.

Font Styles

Tip

Use these shortcuts to quickly switch font styles in math expressions.

Windows/GNU/Linux	macOS	$\LaTeX$ Equivalent	Description
Ctrl + u A	Ctrl + u A	$\underline{A}$ (\underline{A})	Underline
Ctrl + i A	Ctrl + i A	$\mathit{A}$ (\mathit{A})	Italic
Ctrl + b A	Ctrl + b A	$\mathbf{A}$ (\mathbf{A})	Bold
F7 A	F7 A	$\mathcal{A}$ (\mathcal{A})	Calligraphic
A A Tab	A A Tab	$\mathcal{A}$ (\mathcal{A})	Calligraphic
F8 A	F8 A	$\mathfrak{A}$ (\mathfrak{A})	Fraktur
A A Tab	A A Tab	$\mathfrak{A}$ (\mathfrak{A})	Fraktur
A A	A A	$\mathbb{A}$ (\mathbb{A})	Blackboard bold

Notes

Some styles (such as calligraphic, fraktur, blackboard bold) apply only to Latin letters.

Greek Letters

Tip

• Greek letter shortcuts use letter + Tab.
• Uppercase Greek letters use uppercase letter + Tab.
• In math mode, type the letter and press Tab.

Windows/GNU/Linux/macOS	$\LaTeX$ Equivalent	Description
a Tab	$\alpha$ (\alpha)	Alpha
b Tab	$\beta$ (\beta)	Beta
g Tab, G Tab	$\gamma$ (\gamma), $\Gamma$ (\Gamma)	Gamma
d Tab, D Tab	$\delta$ (\delta), $\Delta$ (\Delta)	Delta
e Tab	$\epsilon$ (\epsilon)	Epsilon
e Tab	$\varepsilon$ (\varepsilon)	Epsilon
z Tab	$\zeta$ (\zeta)	Zeta
h Tab	$\eta$ (\eta)	Eta
j Tab, J Tab	$\theta$ (\theta), $\Theta$ (\Theta)	Theta
j Tab	$\vartheta$ (\vartheta)	Theta
i Tab	$\iota$ (\iota)	Iota
k Tab	$\kappa$ (\kappa)	Kappa
l Tab, L Tab	$\lambda$ (\lambda), $\Lambda$ (\Lambda)	Lambda
m Tab	$\mu$ (\mu)	Mu
n Tab	$\nu$ (\nu)	Nu
x Tab, X Tab	$\xi$ (\xi), $\Xi$ (\Xi)	Xi
p Tab, P Tab	$\pi$ (\pi), $\Pi$ (\Pi)	Pi
p Tab	$\varpi$ (\varpi)	Pi
o Tab	$\omicron$ (\omicron)	Omicron
r Tab	$\rho$ (\rho)	Rho
r Tab	$\varrho$ (\varrho)	Rho
s Tab, S Tab / C Tab	$\sigma$ (\sigma), $\Sigma$ (\Sigma)	Sigma
s Tab / c Tab	$\varsigma$ (\varsigma)	Sigma
t Tab	$\tau$ (\tau)	Tau
u Tab, U Tab	$\upsilon$ (\upsilon), $\Upsilon$ (\Upsilon)	Upsilon
f Tab , F Tab	$\phi$ (\phi), $\Phi$ (\Phi)	Phi
f Tab	$\varphi$ (\varphi)	Phi
q Tab	$\chi$ (\chi)	Chi
y Tab, Y Tab	$\psi$ (\psi), $\Psi$ (\Psi)	Psi
w Tab, W Tab	$\omega$ (\omega), $\Omega$ (\Omega)	Omega

Notes

• Some Greek letters have multiple variants (for example, $\epsilon$ and $\varepsilon$).
• Input is case-sensitive.

Sets and Logic

Tip

These shortcuts help you quickly enter common set and logic symbols.

Windows/GNU/Linux	macOS	$\LaTeX$ Equivalent	Description
% Tab	% Tab	$\cup$ (\cup)	Union
& Tab	& Tab	$\cap$ (\cap)	Intersection
< Tab	< Tab	$\subset$ (\subset)	Proper subset
< Tab =	< Tab =	$\subseteq$ (\subseteq)	Subset
> Tab	> Tab	$\supset$ (\supset)	Proper superset
> Tab =	> Tab =	$\supseteq$ (\supseteq)	Superset
< Tab	< Tab	$\in$ (\in)	Element of
> Tab	> Tab	$\ni$ (\ni)	Contains
< Tab /	< Tab /	$\notin$ (\notin)	Not an element of
R R	R R	$\mathbb{R}$ (\mathbb{R})	Set of real numbers
Z Z	Z Z	$\mathbb{Z}$ (\mathbb{Z})	Set of integers
Q Q	Q Q	$\mathbb{Q}$ (\mathbb{Q})	Set of rationals
N N	N N	$\mathbb{N}$ (\mathbb{N})	Set of natural numbers
C C	C C	$\mathbb{C}$ (\mathbb{C})	Set of complex numbers
@ /	@ /	$\varnothing$ (\varnothing)	Empty set
A Tab	A Tab	$\aleph$ (\aleph)	Aleph number
=	= Tab	$\equiv$ (\equiv)	Defined as / identically eq.
A	A Tab	$\forall$ (\forall)	Universal quantifier
E Tab	E Tab	$\exists$ (\exists)	Existential quantifier
! Tab	! Tab	$\neg$ (\neg)	Logical NOT
%	%	$\vee$ (\vee)	Disjunction
&	&	$\wedge$ (\wedge)	Conjunction
| Tab -	| Tab -	$\vdash$ (\vdash)	Derivation turnstile
| Tab =	| Tab =	$\models$ (\models)	Semantic entailment
= >	= >	$\Rightarrow$ (\Rightarrow)	Implication
= > /	= > /	$\nRightarrow$ (\nRightarrow)	Not implication
| /	| /	$\nmid$ (\nmid)	Does not divide

Notes

• Avoid extra characters when entering shortcuts.
• Press Tab completely before the next key action.

Accents

Tip

Use these shortcuts to quickly enter common accent symbols used for derivatives, vectors, and related notation.

Windows/GNU/Linux	macOS	$\LaTeX$ Equivalent	Description
Alt + ˙	Option + ˙	$\dot{}$ (\dot{})	First derivative dot
Alt + "	Option + "	$\ddot{}$ (\ddot{})	Second derivative double-dot
Alt + ˆ	Option + ˆ	$\hat{}$ (\hat{})	Unit-vector hat
Alt + ˜	Option + ˜	$\tilde{}$ (\tilde{})	Tilde
Alt + -	Option + -	$\bar{}$ (\bar{})	Overbar / mean symbol

Notes

1. Accent symbols are applied after entering the base character.
2. Some accent shortcuts may conflict with OS shortcuts.
3. On macOS, ensure Option-key special character input is enabled.

Dots

Tip

After typing dots, press Tab to cycle through different dot variants.

Windows/GNU/Linux	macOS	$\LaTeX$ Equivalent	Description
. .	. .	$\ldots$ (\ldots)	Baseline ellipsis (text)
. . Tab	. . Tab	$\cdots$ (\cdots)	Centered ellipsis (math)
. . Tab	. . Tab	$\vdots$ (\vdots)	Vertical ellipsis
. . Tab	. . Tab	$\ddots$ (\ddots)	Diagonal ellipsis

Notes

Use $\cdots$ and $\ldots$ in the proper context.

Variable-Size Operators

Tip

These shortcuts quickly enter common variable-size operators.

Windows/GNU/Linux	macOS	$\LaTeX$ Equivalent	Description
I Tab	I Tab	$\int$ (\int)	Integral
I I Tab	I I Tab	$\iint$ (\iint)	Double integral
I I I Tab	I I I Tab	$\iiint$ (\iiint)	Triple integral
@ I	@ I	$\oint$ (\oint)	Contour integral
U Shift + Tab	U Shift + Tab	$\bigcup$ (\bigcup)	Big union
N Shift + Tab	N Shift + Tab	$\bigcap$ (\bigcap)	Big intersection
S Shift + Tab	S Shift + Tab	$\sum$ (\sum)	Summation
P Shift + Tab	P Shift + Tab	$\prod$ (\prod)	Product

Notes

Make sure your function keys (for example F5) work correctly. Some laptops may require pressing Fn.

Arrows

Tip

Arrow symbols can be entered quickly with simple key combinations.

Windows/GNU/Linux	macOS	$\LaTeX$ Equivalent	Description
- >	- >	$\rightarrow$ (\rightarrow)	Right arrow
- > /	- > /	$\nrightarrow$ (\nrightarrow)	Negated right arrow
- - >	- - >	$\longrightarrow$ (\longrightarrow)	Long right arrow
= >	= >	$\Rightarrow$ (\Rightarrow)	Double-line right arrow
= > /	= > /	$\nRightarrow$ (\nRightarrow)	Negated double-line right
= = >	= = >	$\Longrightarrow$ (\Longrightarrow)	Long double-line right
~ >	~ >	$\leadsto$ (\leadsto)	Wavy arrow
| - >	| - >	$\mapsto$ (\mapsto)	Mapping arrow
| - - >	| - - >	$\longmapsto$ (\longmapsto)	Long mapping arrow
< -	< -	$\leftarrow$ (\leftarrow)	Left arrow
< - >	< - >	$\leftrightarrow$ (\leftrightarrow)	Left-right arrow
< - Tab	< - Tab	$\uparrow$ (\uparrow)	Up arrow
< - Tab	< - Tab	$\downarrow$ (\downarrow)	Down arrow
< - > Tab	< - > Tab	$\updownarrow$ (\updownarrow)	Up-down arrow
/	/	$\curvearrowright$ (\curvearrowright)	Curved right arrow
/	/	$\curvearrowleft$ (\curvearrowleft)	Curved left arrow

Notes

Enter arrow shortcuts in sequence.

Brackets and Delimiters

Tip

Liii STEM provides quick input methods for common brackets and delimiters.

Windows/GNU/Linux	macOS	$\LaTeX$ Equivalent	Description
< Tab	< Tab	$\langle \rangle$ (\langle \rangle)	Angle bracket pair
|	|	$| |$ (| |)	Absolute value
| |	| |	$\| \|$ (\ | \ |)	Norm
| .	| .	$\lfloor \rfloor$ (\lfloor \rfloor)	Floor
| '	| '	$\lceil \rceil$ (\lceil \rceil)	Ceiling

Notes

1. Keep delimiters paired correctly.
2. Some delimiters have different meanings in different contexts.
3. Learn common combinations first, then expand to advanced ones.

Other Symbols

Tip

• All shortcuts below should be used in math mode.
• Symbols are inserted immediately after the shortcut.
• The number of Tab presses can change the final symbol.

Windows/GNU/Linux	macOS	$\LaTeX$ Equivalent	Description
< = Tab	< = Tab	$\leq$ (\leq)	Less than or equal
> = Tab	> = Tab	$\geq$ (\geq)	Greater than or equal
= \	= \	$\neq$ (\neq)	Not equal
< <	< <	$\ll$ (\ll)	Much less than
> >	> >	$\gg$ (\gg)	Much greater than
˜ ˜	˜ ˜	$\approx$ (\approx)	Approximately equal
= Tab	= Tab	$\asymp$ (\asymp)	Asymptotically equal
< Tab	< Tab	$\prec$ (\prec)	Precedes
< Tab	< Tab	$\preceq$ (\preceq)	Precedes or equal
> Tab	> Tab	$\succ$ (\succ)	Succeeds
> Tab	> Tab	$\succeq$ (\succeq)	Succeeds or equal
@ @ Tab	@ @ Tab	$\propto$ (\propto)	Proportional to
. =	. =	$\doteq$ (\doteq)	Dot equal
@ Tab	@ Tab @ Tab	$\angle$ (\angle)	Angle
l Tab	l Tab	$\ell$ (\ell)	Script lowercase l
⇧ + f5 b	⇧ + f5 b	$\parallel$ (\parallel)	Parallel to
~ =	~ =	$\cong$ (\cong)	Congruent
~ = /	~ = /	$\ncong$ (\ncong)	Not congruent
~	~	$\sim$ (\sim)	Similar
~ -	~ -	$\simeq$ (\simeq)	Similar and equal
~ /	~ /	$\nsim$ (\nsim)	Not similar
@ +	@ +	$\oplus$ (\oplus)	Circle plus
@ -	@ -	$\ominus$ (\ominus)	Circle minus
@ .	@ .	$\odot$ (\odot)	Circle dot
@ *	@ *	$\otimes$ (\otimes)	Circle times
@ /	@ /	$\oslash$ (\oslash)	Circle slash
/ - Tab	/ - Tab	$\upharpoonright$ (\upharpoonright)	Restriction
* Tab	* Tab	$\cdot$ (\cdot)	Centered dot
+ -	+ + -	$\pm$ (\pm)	Plus-minus
- +	- +	$\mp$ (\mp)	Minus-plus
* Tab	* Tab	$\times$ (\times)	Multiplication
/ Tab	/ Tab	$\div$ (\div)	Division
* Tab	* Tab	$\ast$ (\ast)	Asterisk
d Tab	d Tab	$\partial$ (\partial)	Partial derivative
V Tab	V Tab	$\nabla$ (\nabla)	Nabla
@	@	$\circ$ (\circ)	Circle
* Tab	* Tab	$\star$ (\star)	Star
i Tab	i Tab	$\imath$ (\imath)	Dotless i
j Tab	j Tab	$\jmath$ (\jmath)	Dotless j
b Tab	b Tab	$\beth$ (\beth)	Hebrew beth
g Tab	g Tab	$\gimel$ (\gimel)	Hebrew gimel
d Tab	d Tab	$\daleth$ (\daleth)	Hebrew daleth
r e	r e	$\Re$ (\Re)	Real part
w Tab	w Tab	$\mho$ (\mho)	Inverted ohm
p Tab	p Tab	$\wp$ (\wp)	Script capital P
@ @	@ @	$\infty$ (\infty)	Infinity
T Tab	t Tab	$\top$ (\top)	Top
T Tab	t Tab	$\bot$ (\bot)	Bottom
< > Tab	< > Tab	$\clubsuit$ (\clubsuit)	Clubs
< > Tab	< > Tab	$\diamondsuit$ (\diamondsuit)	Diamonds
< > Tab	< > Tab	$\heartsuit$ (\heartsuit)	Hearts
< > Tab	< > Tab	$\spadesuit$ (\spadesuit)	Spades
b Tab	b Tab	$\flat$ (\flat)	Flat
# Tab	# Tab	$\natural$ (\natural)	Natural
# Tab	# Tab	$\sharp$ (\sharp)	Sharp
@ = Tab	@ = Tab	$\triangleq$ (\triangleq)	Defined-equal
+ Tab	+ Tab	$\dagger$ (\dagger)	Dagger

Note

Use English keyboard input mode when entering these shortcuts.